Effect of Ginsenoside Rh2 on Metastasis and Invasion of Colorectal Cancer Resistant Cells HCT116/L-OHP and Its Mechanism / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To observe effect of ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) on the invasion and migration of colon cancer resistant cells HCT116/L-OHP and its specific mechanism. Method:Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to detect the inhibitory effect of different concentrations of GRh2 (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40 mg·L-1) on HCT116/L-OHP cell proliferation, scratch assay, Transwell assay and adhesion assay were used to detect the effects of GRh2 (0, 2.5, 5, 10 mg·L-1) on cell migration, invasion and adhesion. The protein expression levels of E-cadherin and matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) were examined by Western blot. Result:Compared with control group, GRh2(5, 10, 20, 40 mg·L-1) significantly inhibited the proliferation of HCT116/L-OHP cells in a dose-dependent manner(PP2 group (5, 10 mg·L-1) was significantly decreased (PP2 group was significantly decreased (PP2 group was significantly reduced (PP2 (10, 20, 30 mg·L-1) promoted E-cadherin protein expression (PPPConclusion:GRh2 can significantly inhibit the invasion and migration of HCT116/L-OHP in colon cancer cells, and its potential mechanism may be related to the promotion of E-cadherin and the inhibition of MMP-9 expression in a dose-dependent manner.

Early hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: the risk factors and long-time survival / 中华肝脏病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To identify the risk factors of early post-TIPS hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and the long-time survival of patients with or without early post-TIPS HE.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Consecutive cirrhotic patients who underwent TIPS for variceal rebleeding or refractory ascites in our center from January 2003 to December 2008 were included in this study. More than 60 clinical characteristics were enrolled in univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis to define the risk factors of HE in 3 months after TIPS procedure (early post-TIPS HE). The long-time survival of patients with or without early post-TIPS HE was compared by Cox regression with several covariates.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>According to our inclusion criteria, 190 patients were included. The median follow-up was 30.5 months. Lower serum concentration of fibrinogen and higher Child-Pugh score were the independent risk factors for suffering early post-TIPS HE. Patients without early post-TIPS HE after TIPS showed better prognosis than those with early post-TIPS HE after TIPS (P = 0.044).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Patients with lower serum fibrinogen and higher Child-Pugh score before TIPS might be more probably attacked by early post-TIPS HE which indicated worse long-term survival.</p>

Adenovirus-mediated antisense HSP70 cDNA transfection inhibits the growth of laryngeal carcinoma Hep-2 cells / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To construct a recombinant adenovirus vector carrying antisense heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) cDNA and observe its effect on inhibiting the growth of laryngeal carcinoma Hep-2 cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The HSP70 gene fragment encoding the 5' region was cloned reversely into the shuttle plasmid PAdTrack-CMV, and the resultant plasmid was recombined with the backbone plasmid PadEasy-1 in the E.coli Bj5183 cells to generate the recombinant adenovirus vector. The adenovirus were then packaged and amplified in 293 cells, and the viral titer was determined using GFP.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The recombinant adenovirus vector carrying antisense HSP70 cDNA was constructed successfully with a viral titer of 8 x 10(9). HSP70 expression of Hep-2 cells was obviously blocked by antisense HSP70 RNA, and Western blotting and immuohistochemistry demonstrated that cells transfected with antisense HSP70 did not express or express HSP70 at low levels. Flow cytometry presented apoptotic peak in the antisense HSP70-transfected cells, but not in the control cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The recombinant adenovirus vector containing antisense HSP70 cDNA can effectively deliver antisense HSP70 gene into Hep-2 cells, suggesting the great potential of this gene therapy strategy in management of human laryngeal carcinoma.</p>

MDR-reversing effect of short peptide binding specifically to multidrug-resistant gastric cancer cells / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the binding effect of the short peptide SY1 to the multidrug-resistant gastric cancer cell line SGC7901/VCR cells and its reversing effect on those cancer cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The cultured cells were divided into two groups named SGC7901 and SGC7901/VCR. The SGC7901/VCR group was co-cultured with vincristine (VCR). SY1 was obtained from cyclic 7-mer peptide library by differential screening. Immunofluorescence technique was used to detect the capacity of SY1-containing positive phage specifically binding to SGC7901/VCR cells, compared with that of the negative phage and unrelated phage. MTT assay in vitro was performed to analyze the alteration of drug resistance of SGC7901/ VCR cells, using the positive phages and the chemically synthesized SY1 peptide. Flow cytometry assay was performed to detect the accumulation and retention of adriamycin (ADM) in the SGC7901/VCR cells.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the SY1-containing positive phages could bind to the SGC7901/VCR cell surface but not to its parent cell line SGC7901 cells. The unrelated phage and negative phage did not bind to SGC7901/VCR cells. These results indicated that SY1 could specifically bind to SGC7901/VCR cells. MTT assay in vitro showed that the survival rate of SGC7901/VCR cells was reduced considerably by the positive phages and the chemically synthesized SY1 peptide (P <0. 05), indicating that SY1 enhanced the sensitivity of SGC7901/VCR cells to chemotherapeutic drug VCR. Flow-cytometric detection showed that SY1 enhanced the accumulation of ADM in the SGC7901/VCR cells, compared with that of the negative phages and the unrelated phages (P <0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>SY1 not only is able to bind to SGC7901/VCR cells specifically, but also can partly reverse the resistance of SGC7901/VCR cell line to chemotherapeutic drug VCR. Those findings might be important to open a new approach to reverse the gastric cancer MDR.</p>

Signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 mediates up-regulation of angiotensin II-induced tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 expression in cultured human senescent fibroblasts / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Angiotensin II (Ang II), a principal effector of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and increased in aging tissues, can stimulate JAK/STAT pathway via the G-protein-coupled Ang II receptor type I (AT1) and induce nuclear translocation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT). To further explore the role of Ang II in aging, we examined the effect of Ang II on human replicative senescent diploid fibroblast WI-38 cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Human senescent WI-38 cells were incubated with Ang II, receptor antagonist PD123319, valsartan, STAT3 sense plasmid, and/or STAT3 antisense plasmids. Methods were applied including electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), Western blot, transfection, and laser scanning confocal microscopy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>It was found that cultured human senescent WI-38 cells constitutively expressed tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), and Ang II induced TIMP-1 protein expression in both time- and dose-dependent manners. Ang II induced STAT-DNA binding activity also in both time- and dose-dependent manners. And supershift assay showed that the sis-inducing factor (SIF) band contained STAT3 proteins. STAT3 antisense oligonucleotides could inhibit both Ang II-induced STAT3-DNA binding activity as well as TIMP-1 expression.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Ang II could up-regulate TIMP-1 expression through activating STAT3 signal pathway in human senescent cells, indicating that Ang II-STAT3-TIMP-1 pathway may be involved in the mechanism of sclerosis in aging tissues.</p>

Effect of a hypothetical gene Af116609 on multi-drug resistance of gastric cancer cells / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effect of gene Af116609 on gastric cancer multi-drug resistance (MDR) by introducing it into gastric cancer multi-drug resistant (MDR) cell line SGC7901/VCR.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Gene Af116609 was cloned from SGC7901/VCR by RT-PCR and its differential expression between gastric cancer MDR cells and its parental cells was displayed by Northern blot. The gene was introduced to gastric cancer cells by transfection of recombinant eukaryotic expression vector by electroporation. MTT assay in vitro was applied to investigate its effect on multi-drug resistance phenotype of gastric cancer cells.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The full length CDS of gene Af116609, as long as 327 bp, was cloned from gastric cancer MDR cell line SGC7901/VCR and its sequence was coincident with the hypothetical gene Af116609 in GenBank. It was overexpressed in MDR cells than its parental cells at mRNA level. In the MTT assay in vitro, the drug sensitive cells transfected with sense eukaryotic expression vector showed upregulated targeted gene, with increased resistance to vincristine, 5-fliorouracil and arabinoside, and decreased resistance to adriamycin, but no influence on resistance to methotrexate. However, the drug resistant cells transfected with anti-sense eukaryotic expression vector, showed down regulated targeted gene, with less resistance to all the five anticancer drugs to different degrees.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Gene Af116609 is related to MDR phenotype of gastric cancer cells and may become a candidate molecular target to reverse the MDR of gastric cancer.</p>

Screening and identification of phage-displayed polypeptides specifically binding to human gastric cancer with high metastatic potential to peritoneum / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>By means of phage-display technique, to screen polypeptides that specifically bind to human gastric cancer with high metastatic potential to peritoneum.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two human gastric cancer cell lines were used: GC9811-P with high metastatic potential to peritoneum and its wild type parental GC9811, to carry out subtractive screening with a phage display-12 peptide library.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After three rounds of screening, 40 phage clones bond to GC9811-P cells were randomly selected. When injected into the peritoneal cavity of nude mice, 6 of the 40 clones did not bind to mouse peritoneum as examined by immunohistochemical staining. They were considered to be capable of binding specifically to GC9811-P cells. Sequence analysis revealed two different exogenous peptides: TLNINRLILPRT and SMSI(X)SPYI(XXX).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Two peptides have been obtained that specifically bind to a gastric cancer cell variant GC9811-P, which easily disseminates to the peritoneum. Whether or not they could block GC9811-P metastasis to peritoneum in vivo remains to be determined.</p>

Effect of human angiopoietin-1 on tumorigenesis and angiogenesis of gastric cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the role of human angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis of human gastric cancer cell line SGC7901 in nude mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Recombinant human Ang1 sense or antisense eukaryotic expression vectors were constructed, and transfected by lipofectin into human gastric cancer line SGC7901. Stable transfectants were obtained respectively, namely 7Ang1+ for sense, 7Ang1- for antisense, and 7901P for empty vector transfected cells. Semiquantitative PCR and Western blot were employed to testify the transfection efficiency. Cell growth curve and cell cycle were observed by MTT assays or flow cytometry. In in vivo study, growth of SGC7901 xeno-transplant was observed in BALB/c nude mice. Microvessel density (MVD) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry for Factor VIII staining.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Stably transfected cell lines were established and decreased expression of Ang1 protein and mRNA in the antisense transfected SGC7901 cells was achieved. Tumorigenesis of 7Ang1- cells on day 30 days was significantly inhibited with decreased MVD as compared to that in 7901P and 7Ang1+ cells (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Angiopoietin-1 plays an important role in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis of gastric cancer which can be partially abrogated by antisense technique.</p>

Osteopontin expression and its relation to invasion and metastases in gastric cancer / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the correlation between expression of the osteopontin (OPN) and invasion and metastases in gastric cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The expression of OPN, NF-kappaB p65 and matrix metallo-proteinase 9 (MMP-9) was detected by immunohistochemistry in non-cancer gastric tissue (n = 12 cases) and gastric cancer tissue (n = 72 cases).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) OPN, NF-kappaB p65 and MMP-9 were not expressed in 12 non-cancer gastric tissue samples(group A). Their expression rates were 43.3%, 40.0% and 46.7% respectively in 30 gastric cancer samples without lymph nodes metastasis (group B), but they increased to 76.9%, 73.1% and 80.8% in 26 gastric cancer samples with lymph nodes metastases (group C), and 87.5%, 81.3% and 93.8% respectively in 16 gastric cancer samples with lymph node and distant metastases (group D). (2) There were statistically significant differences in their expressions between group D and group B (P(a) = 0.004, P(c) = 0.007, P(e) = 0.002), and between group C and group B (P(b) = 0.011, P(d) = 0.013, P(f) = 0.009). (3) Despite some differences in positive expression rates, correlations existed between OPN and NF-kappaB p65, and between NF-kappaB p65 and MMP-9 (P(1) = 0.042, P(2) = 0.013; r(1)= 0.67, r(2)= 0.72).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Osteopondin espression is closely related to the invasion and metastases of gastric cancer. It may upregulate the expression of metastasis-related molecule MMP-9 by activating NF-kappaB pathway.</p>

The expression and possible function of RhoA in human gastric cancer cell lines / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the expression and possible function of RhoA in human gastric cancer cell lines.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The expression of RhoA in human gastrointestinal cancer cell lines was detected by Western blot. Antisense plasmid of RhoA was constructed by pGEFL and transferred into gastric cancer cell line AGS by lipofectamine. Cell survival was examined by MTT assays, and cell cycle was detected by flow cytometry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of RhoA protein in 10 different kinds of human cancer cell lines was much higher than that in immortalized human intestinal epithelial cell line. After being transfected with antisense RhoA, with the decrease in RhoA protein expression, the growth rate of AGS was inhibited, and the number of cells in S phase was increased by 14%.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>RhoA is overexpressed in many human cancer cell lines. Some of the malignant characteristics of a gastric cancer cell line can be partially reversed by inhibiting RhoA expression.</p>

Expression and significance of DARPP-32 in gastric carcinoma / 中华病理学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the significance of DARPP-32 protein expression in gastric carcinoma tissue and cell lines.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The expression of DARPP-32 protein in normal gastric mucosa and gastric carcinoma tissue was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining using streptavidin-biotin complex technique. The expression in gastric carcinoma tissue and cell lines was evaluated by Western blotting.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression rate of DARPP-32 protein in gastric adenocarcinoma tissue (92.7%) was significantly higher than that in normal gastric mucosa (52.6%, P < 0.05). There was no significant association between DARPP-32 protein expression and degree of tumor differentiation, local invasion and distant metastasis. As compared with adjacent non-carcinomatous gastric mucosa, both DARPP-32 and its truncated isoform t-DARPP were overexpressed in gastric adenocarcinoma tissue (t = 2.45, P = 0.015); and t-DARPP overexpression was more frequently seen. Expression of DARPP-32 and t-DARPP could also be detected in human gastric cancer cell lines. The expression of DARPP-32 protein was obviously reduced in SGC7901 drug-resistant cell strains.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>DARPP-32 is overexpressed in gastric carcinoma. It may play an important role in gastric carcinogenesis. The underlying signal pathways in neoplastic gastric epithelium may also be related to the multi-drug resistance property of gastric cancer cells.</p>

Multidrug resistant effect of alternative splicing form of MAD2 gene-MAD2beta on human gastric cancer cell / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the effect of alternative splicing form -MAD2beta of mitotic arrest deficient protein 2 (MAD2) on the formation of multidrug resistance in human gastric adenocarcinoma cell SGC7901.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>RNA was extracted from a multidrug resistance cell line SGC7901/ADR. The full-length MAD2beta cDNA was obtained by RT-PCR and cloned into the pUCm-T vector, and then recombined into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1 in forward direction. Subsequently, pcDNA3.1/MAD2beta vectors were then transfected into SGC7901 cells by lipofectamine. Sensitivity to drug was detected by MTT assay. Cell cycle alteration and intracellular fluorescence intensity were determined by FACS.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A fragment of 0.53 Kb was obtained and confirmed by DNA sequencing which was a new alternative splicing form of MAD2 named as MAD2beta. pcDNA3.1/MAD2beta transfected SGC7901 cells (SGC7901/MAD2beta) were more resistant to ADR, VCR and MMC than the control cells (SGC7901/pcDNA3.1), and also ADR fluorescence intensity of SGC7901/MAD2beta cells was lower (P < 0.05) than that of SGC7901/pcDNA3.1 cells.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>MAD2beta could increase the multidrug resistance of SGC7901 cell line.</p>

Expression and function of zinc ribbon gene ZNRD1 in drug-resistant gastric cancer cells / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the expression and function of zinc ribbon gene ZNRD1 in drug-resistant cells of gastric cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two tumor cell lines were used in this study: gastric cancer SGC7901 and its drug-resistant counterpart SGC7901/VCR stepwise-selected by vincristine. The expression of ZNRD1 in SGC7901 and SGC7901/VCR was detected by northern blot and semiquantitative RT-PCR. ZNRD1 antisense nucleic acid was transfected into SGC7901/VCR cells by lipofectamine. The expression of protein in SGC7901/VCR cells and the transfectants was detected by immunochemical method. Fluorescence activated cell scan (FACS) was applied to observe the cell cycle alteration. Growth curve and drug sensitization of cells for vincristine (VCR) and adriamycin (ADM) were analyzed by MTT assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The expression of ZNRD1 was higher in SGC7901/VCR than in SGC7901 cells. Immunochemical results showed that the expression level of ZNRD1 protein was lower in anti ZNRD1-SGC7901/VCR cells than in non-transfectants. The anti ZNRD1-SGC7901/VCR cells were gradually accumulated in G(1) phase, with a concomitant decrease of cell population in S phase. MTT assay showed that transfectant cell proliferation was lagged and more sensitive to VCR and ADM than non-transfectants.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>ZNRD1 gene displays high expression in VCR resistant gastric cancer cells. Expression of ZNRD1 protein is effectively blocked in anti ZNRD1-SGC7901/VCR cells by gene transfection. ZNRD1 antisense nucleic acid could reverse, to some degree, the MDR of human drug-resistant gastric cancer cell SGC7901/VCR.</p>

Rac subfamily expression and activity in gastrointestinal cancer cell lines / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the significance of Rac subfamily members in the gastrointestinal carcinogenesis and progression.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The mRNA expression of Rac1, Rac2 and Rac3 in 12 kinds of gastrointestinal cancer cell lines was examined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The activities of Rac1 protein in 5 kinds of gastric cancer cell lines were tested by pull-down assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with the normal gastric mucosa and intestinal epithelial cell line, the mRNA expression of Rac1 and Rac3 was up-regulated in most of gastrointestinal cancer cell lines. The activities of Rac1 protein increased markedly in gastric cancer cell lines.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The increased mRNA expression of Rac1 and Rac3 in gastrointestinal cancer cell lines and the abnormal activation of Rac1 protein in gastric cancer cell lines might be correlated with the carcinogenesis of gastrointestinal cancer.</p>

Protective effect of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor on alcohol-induced liver injury in rats / 中华肝脏病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To investigate the effect of selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor on alcohol-induced liver injury in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>58 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: control group treated with dextrose and corn oil, model group with ethanol and corn oil, treatment group with corn oil and ethanol plus a selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib. All treatments were injected into stomach through intragastric tubes. Liver samples were analyzed for histopathology with light microscope (LM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM), and the expression of COX-2 with western blotting. Levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum, levels of 6-Keto-prostaglandin F1 alpha (6-k-PGF1a) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) in liver, and activity of glutathione s-transferase (GST) both in liver tissue and in plasma were measured.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>LM and TEM indicated hepatocytes were injured obviously in the model group and slightly in the treatment group. The levels of AST and ALT in serum, TXB2 in liver and the activity of GST in plasma increased significantly in the model group (t> or =2.294, P<0.05), but the activity of GST in liver decreased significantly (t=8.856, P<0.01) compared with those in the control group. To compare with the model group, the levels of AST and TXB2 decreased significantly (t=4.305, P<0.01; t=2.799, P<0.01), meanwhile the activity of GST increased significantly (t=10.134, P<0.01) in the treatment group. COX-2 expression in liver by western blotting increased significantly in the model group, compared with the control group (t=4.067, P<0.01) and the treatment group (t=2.251, P<0.05). Exceptionally, the level of 6-k-PGF1a decreased significantly (t=2.284, P<0.05) in the model group.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>COX-2 has involved in the alcohol-induced liver injury, and its inhibitor can diminish alcohol-induced liver injury in rats through decreasing TXB2 level</p>

Differential expression of RPL6/Taxreb107 in drug resistant gastric cancer cell line SGC7901/ADR and its correlation with multiple-drug resistance / 中华肿瘤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the differential expression of RPL6/Taxreb107 between drug-resistant gastric cancer cell line SGC7901/ADR and gastric cancer cell line SGC7901 as well as its correlation with multiple-drug resistance (MDR) in gastric cancer cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Total RNA was extracted from SGC7901 and SGC77901/ADR, with internal control RT-PCR, Northern blot, gene cloning and expression, construction of eukaryotic expression vector, gene transfection by electroporation. The accumulation and retention of ADR in transiently transfected cell was detected by flow cytometry.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The internal control RT-PCR and Northern blot showed high RPL6/Taxreb107 expression in SGC7901/ADR cell line. Sense and antisense eukaryonic expression vectors demonstrated by double enzyme digestion were successfully transfected into gastric cancer cell line SGC7901 and SGC7901/ADR respectively by electroporation. The accumulation and retention of ADR detected 48 hours after transfection showed that RPL6 gene had shown effect on drug resistance in gastric cancer cell.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The high expression of RPL6/Taxreb107 in drug resistant gastric cancer cell shows its correlation with multiple-drug resistance in gastric cancer.</p>

Meta-analysis on Helicobacter pylori infection between sex and in family assembles / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand and analyze the infection situation of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Extensively reviewing Chinese literature collecting the related with electronic documents in combination with manual retrieve and using Meta-analysis to do a quantitative analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Slight difference in the infection rate of H. pylori between men and women (95% CI: 0.0579-0.0963) was noticed. The infection rate of H. pylori in children whose parent was positive with infection of this bacteria was higher than that of children whose parent was negative (95% CI: 0.3378-0.5042).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The infection rate of H. pylori showed gender difference with nature of family aggregation. Epidemiological studies of H. pylori was comprehensive and involved many aspects. Further investigation needs to be focused on infection rate and other risk factors.</p>